The combination of berberine and cinnamon polyphenol can improve glucose metabolism in T2DM rats through Bas-TGR5-GLP-1 / 药学学报

Berberine (BBR) is the main pharmacological active ingredient of Coptidis, which has hypoglycemic effect, but its clinical application is limited due to its poor oral bioavailability. Polyphenols, derived from cinnamon, are beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The combination of both may have an additive effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of combined medication in diabetic rats. The modeling rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (berberine group, cinnamon group, combined group, metformin group, diabetic control group) and normal control group. The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (approval number: HMUIRB2022003). The subjects were given orally, and the control group was given equal volume solvent and body weight was measured weekly. Thirty days after administration, oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity test were performed, and fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated serum protein (GSP), and serum insulin (INS) levels were detected; high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect intestinal microbiota structure; real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) expression levels. The results showed that, compared with the diabetic control group, the levels of FBG (P < 0.01) and GSP (P < 0.01) in the combined group were lower, and the insulin resistance was improved, which was better than that in the berberine group. Combined treatment increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Prevotella and Lactobacillus, reversed the decrease in Lactobacillus in the berberine alone induction group, and the combination of the two could promote the expression of TGR5 and GLP-1. In summary, the combined application of cinnamon and berberine can regulate glucose metabolism better than the application of berberine alone. Berberine combined with cinnamon can improve the function of pancreatic islet β cells in diabetes mellitus type 2 rats by changing the intestinal microbiota, increasing the expression of TGR5 and GLP-1 proteins, and thereby better regulating glucose metabolism.

Berberine targets the electron transport chain complex I and reveals the landscape of OXPHOS dependency in acute myeloid leukemia with IDH1 mutation / 中国天然药物

Metabolic reprogramming, a newly recognized trait of tumor biology, is an intensively studied prospect for oncology medicines. For numerous tumors and cancer cell subpopulations, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is essential for their biosynthetic and bioenergetic functions. Cancer cells with mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) exhibit differentiation arrest, epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming, and sensitivity to mitochondrial OXPHOS inhibitors. In this study, we report that berberine, which is widely used in China to treat intestinal infections, acted solely at the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex I, and that its association with IDH1 mutant inhibitor (IDH1mi) AG-120 decreased mitochondrial activity and enhanced antileukemic effect in vitro andin vivo. Our study gives a scientific rationale for the therapy of IDH1 mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients using combinatory mitochondrial targeted medicines, particularly those who are resistant to or relapsing from IDH1mi.

Berberine Promotes Mouse Breast Cancer Metastasis to Lung via Inducing Epithelial–mesenchymal Transition / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To study the effect and mechanism of berberine (BBR) on the lung metastasis of mouse breast cancer via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods CCK-8 and Transwell migration assays were utilized to investigate the proliferation and migration properties of breast cancer 4T1 cells after BBR treatment.Mouse 4T1-Luc cells were injected into mice under the fourth mammary fat pad, and the mice were then randomly divided into the control and BBR groups.The mice in the BBR group received daily intraperitoneal injections of BBR working solution and those in the control group were continuously intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of the solvent used to dissolve BBR powder.Tumor metastasis in the lungs of living mice was detected by using an in vivo imaging system.After 42 days of administration, lung metastasis was measured via microscopy and HE staining.Western blot analysis was used to examine the effects of BBR on the expression of EMT-related proteins (Vimentin and Snail) as well as the activation of the Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Results BBR significantly promoted 4T1 cell migration (P < 0.05).In vivo experiments showed that the number of lung metastases in the BBR group had significantly increased compared with that in control group (P < 0.05) as observed under microcopy and histological staining.Compared with the control group, BBR upregulated the expression levels of Vimentin and Snail as well as the phosphorylated levels of p-Akt and p-ERK (P < 0.05). Conclusion BBR may promote EMT and lung metastasis of breast cancer 4T1 cells by activating the expression of proteins in the p-Akt and p-ERK pathways.

Effects of Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules combined with Berberine tablets on blood lipid and intestinal flora in patients with hyperlipidemia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules combined with Berberine tablets on blood lipid and intestinal flora in patients with hyperlipidemia.Methods:A total of 420 hyperlipidemia patients admitted to the Second Medical Center of PLA General Hospital & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected and divided into the observation group and the control group according to the random number table method, with 210 cases in each group. Both groups were routinely given lipid-lowering drugs, the control group was also given Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules orally, and the observation group was combined with Berberine tablets orally on the basis of the control group. The levels of serum inflammatory factor, blood lipid, apolipoprotein and the number of intestinal flora before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. The incidence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups during the treatment.Results:After treatment, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group: (26.78 ± 5.63) ng/L vs. (30.06 ± 5.79) ng/L, (12.88 ± 4.76) ng/L vs. (15.45 ± 5.32) ng/L, (8.22 ± 2.80) mg/L vs. (10.26 ± 3.71) mg/L, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of blood lipid in the observation group were improve better than those in the control group, the levels of apolipoprotein AⅠ in the observation group was higher than that in the control group: (2.00 ± 0.45) g/L vs. (1.72 ± 0.39) g/L; and the levels of apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein E in the observation group were lower than those in the control group: (1.08 ± 0.18) g/L vs. (1.20 ± 0.22) g/L, (4.80 ± 0.68) g/L vs. (5.12 ± 0.62) g/L, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). After treatment, the numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactic acid bacteria in the observation group were higher than those in the control group: (8.80 ± 0.80) lg CFU/g vs. (8.30 ± 0.75) lg cfu/g, (8.85 ± 0.64) lg cfu/g vs. (8.45 ± 0.68) lg cfu/g; and the numbers of Colon bacillus and Enterococcus faecalis in the observation group were lower than those in the control group: (8.20 ± 0.55) lg cfu/g vs. (8.52 ± 0.50) lg cfu/g, (6.42 ± 0.60) lg cfu/g vs.(6.84 ± 0.65) lg cfu/g, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules combined with Berberine tablets in treatment of patients with hyperlipidemia can effectively reduce the level of blood lipid and regulate intestinal flora, with good safety.

The effects of natural polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogel on bacteriostatic activity and biofilm clearance of berberine / 药学学报

Taking berberine (BBR) as an example, to study whether the supramolecular hydrogel formed by berberine and lotus root starch (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn; LRS), a natural polysaccharide, affects the inhibition to Staphylococcus aureus and the ability of biofilm clearance. The chemical structure and rheological properties of BBR@LRS gel were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and rheometer. The in vitro release of supramolecular hydrogel was observed at pH = 1.2 and pH = 7.4. Broth dilution method and biofilm clearence experiment were used to observe the bacteriostasis and biofilm clearance respectively. Cytotoxicity test and in vitro hemolysis test were used to evaluate the biosafety preliminarily. The results showed that the LRS polysaccharide hydrogel could encapsulate BBR, and there was an interaction between them. The BBR@LRS gel had good rheological properties and biosafety, and played a role in solubility enhancement and slow release of BBR, which was stronger than BBR in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and clearing biofilm. This study provides reference for the effect of natural polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogels on biological functions of active components of traditional Chinese medicine.

Research progress on the use of Rhizoma coptidis extract against Alzheimer's disease / 中华老年医学杂志

Rhizoma coptidis extract has a variety of pharmacological activities, including alleviating cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease(AD). The main mechanisms of its anti-AD activity include reducing the production of amyloid β(Aβ), inhibiting the phosphorylation of Tau protein, inhibiting cholinesterase, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, improving apoptosis, etc.This paper reviewed the anti-AD effect of Rhizoma coptidis extract and the specific mechanisms, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for relevant research and clinical practice.

Berberine Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Regulating Lipophagy Via Targeting Wnt5a/NPC1 Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the regulatory effect and molecular mechanism of berberine （BBR） on lipophagy in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic （AS） lesions in mice. MethodFifty apolipoprotein E-knockout （ApoE-/-） mice were randomly divided into an AS model group， an atorvastatin group （5 mg·kg-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose BBR groups （2.5， 5， 10 mg·kg-1）. Ten C57BL/6J mice were assigned to the control group. After 12 weeks， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and oil red O staining were performed to assess the histopathological changes of AS plaques in the aorta. Biochemical analysis was used to measure serum lipid levels， and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， oxidative stress marker reactive oxygen species （ROS）， and serum lipophagy marker Beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ （LC3Ⅱ）. The xanthine oxidase method was used to measure serum superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was used to detect the distribution of wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 5a （Wnt5a） and Nieman Pick type C1 （NPC1） in the aorta， and Western blot was used to determine the protein expression of Wnt5a and NPC1 in the aorta. ResultCompared with the control group， the AS model group showed significant AS plaque formation， significantly elevated levels of serum total cholesterol （TC）， triglycerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， IL-6， TNF-α， and ROS， aortic Wnt5a distribution and protein expression （P<0.01）， and significantly reduced levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， SOD， Beclin1， LC3Ⅱ， and aortic NPC1 distribution and protein expression （P<0.01）. Compared with the AS model group， the atorvastatin group， and high- and medium-dose BBR groups showed a significant reduction in AS plaque area （P<0.05， P<0.01）， significantly decreased levels of serum TC， TG， LDL-C， IL-6， TNF-α， ROS， and aortic Wnt5a distribution and protein expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and significantly increased levels of serum HDL-C， SOD， Beclin1， LC3Ⅱ， and aortic NPC1 distribution and protein expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）. There was no statistically significant difference in the above indicators between the atorvastatin group and the medium-dose BBR group. ConclusionBBR can competitively bind to Wnt5a to activate NPC1 expression， upregulate lipophagy levels， reduce blood lipids， and inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress damage， thereby exerting a preventive and therapeutic effect on AS.

Mechanism of berberine inhibiting invasion and migration of renal carcinoma cells by down-regulating the expression of METTL3 / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of berberine （BER） on the invasion and migration of human renal carcinoma cells and its potential mechanism. METHODS Using human renal carcinoma OSRC-2 cell as object， alamarBlue assay was adopted to detect the inhibitory effects of 0 （control group）， 25， 50， 75， 100， 125， 150， 175 and 200 μmol/L BER on the proliferation of OSRC-2 cell after treatment for 24 h and 48 h. After treated with 0（control group）， 50， 100 μmol/L BER for 48 h， the effect of BER on cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The migration of OSRC-2 cells in 24 h and 36 h was observed by cell scratch test， and the invasion ability of OSRC-2 cells in 24 h was detected by Transwell assay. The protein expression of methyltransferase-like 3 （METTL3） was detected by Western blot after treatment for 48 h， and RNA methylation quantification kit was used to detect the levels of N6-methyladenosine （m6A） in OSRC-2 cells. RESULTS Compared with control group， BER at different concentrations could significantly decrease the survival rate of OSRC-2 cells （P＜0.01）， and showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. After 48 h of BER treatment at 50， 100 μmol/L， the cell was arrested in G0/G1 phase （P＜0.01）. Compared with control group， the migration and invasion abilities of cells in 50， 100 μmol/L BER group were significantly decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； the protein expression of METTL3 and the level of m6A in RNA were significantly decreased （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS BER can inhibit level of m6A by down-regulating the expression of METTL3， thereby inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of human renal carcinoma cells.

Research progress in the mechanism of anti-atherosclerotic effect of berberine and its derivatives / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Atherosclerosis is usually the underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases. With the change in diet structure and living environment, it has become an increasingly serious global health problem, posing a huge challenge to public health. Berberine, also known as flavonidol, is an isoquinoline-type quaternary alkaloid with purgative and detoxifying effects. Berberine and its derivatives have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and atherosclerosis prevention effects, etc. Recent research results showed that berberine and its derivatives can play an important role in atherosclerosis prevention through a hypolipidemic effect, anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activity, improvement of vascular endothelial dysfunction, and regulation of intestinal microbiota. In this review paper, the research progress on the mechanism of action of berberine and its derivatives in the prevention of atherosclerosis was reviewed from the perspectives of a lipid-regulating effect, inhibition of oxidative stress and the inflammatory response, improvement of vascular endothelial dysfunction, and regulation of intestinal microbiota. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for reducing the occurrence of atherosclerosis, improving the clinical symptoms of patients, and further developing berberine-based drugs.

Inhibitory effect of methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy combined with berberine on Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To investigate the in vitro inhibitory effect of methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with berberine on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g). Methods:P.g was cultured until the middle to late log phase, and methylene blue was added to P.g suspension at different mass concentrations for 5 min, and a laser (wavelength 660 nm, power 140 mW/cm 2) was irradiated for 2 min to find the optimal concentration of methylene blue combined with the laser for in vitro inhibition of P.g. The effect of methylene blue mediated PDT on the in vitro inhibition of P.g and the effect of berberine on the growth curve of P.g were observed. The inhibitory effect of methylene blue mediated PDT and berberine on P.g was investigated by successive combined applications. The effect of methylene blue mediated PDT on P.g morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The absorption peaks of each component were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results:The best inhibition was achieved at a methylene blue mass concentration of 24.414 1 μg/ml under 660 nm laser excitation. The differences were statistically significant in both the methylene blue and PDT groups compared with the control group (all P<0.001). 0.05 mg/ml berberine had an inhibitory effect on the planktonic bacteria of P.g. After P.g was treated with methylene blue mediated PDT, the bacterial cell walls were crumpled into clusters. Compared with the control group, the number of colonies was reduced in the 0.05 mg/ml berberine group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). The difference between the 0.05 mg/ml berberine + light group and the control group was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). When PDT was combined with berberine, there was a synergistic inhibitory effect on P.g. PDT followed by berberine shows a better inhibitory effect on bacteria, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.01). After the berberine treatment, the bacterial surface became smooth, and the length of the bacterial body increased compared with the control group. Conclusions:Methylene blue mediated PDT has an inhibitory effect on P.g. When combined with berberine, it has a synergistic inhibitory effect on P.g., and the inhibition effect is better when PDT is applied first and then berberine is applied in combination.

Protective effect of berberine against ionizing radiation injury in rats and its mechanism of action / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the protective effect of berberine (BBR) against ionizing radiation injury in rats and its mechanism of action. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: normal control group, 1-Gy radiation group, 1-Gy radiation plus low-dose BBR (50 mg/kg) group, 1-Gy radiation plus high-dose BBR (150 mg/kg) group, 3-Gy radiation group, 3-Gy radiation plus low-dose BBR (50 mg/kg) group, and 3-Gy radiation plus high-dose BBR (150 mg/kg) group. All the groups except the normal control group were exposed to external irradiation with a medical electron linear accelerator, followed by BBR administration by gavage for consecutive ten days. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by using the micromethod. The pathological changes of the bone marrow and small intestine were observed with HE staining. Results Compared with the normal control group, the radiation groups showed significantly increased MDA levels (P < 0.05), significantly decreased SOD and GSH levels (P < 0.05), and more severe pathological damage of the bone marrow and small intestine. Compared with the radiation groups, the BBR groups showed significantly decreased MDA levels (P < 0.05), significantly increased SOD and GSH levels (P < 0.05), and reduced pathological damage to the bone marrow and small intestine, which were more marked in the high-dose BBR group. Conclusion BBR has a certain protective effect against radiation injury in rats, which may be through increasing the activity of antioxidant substances, enhancing free radical clearance, and thereby alleviating free radicals-caused oxidative damage.

Berberine inhibits autophagy and promotes apoptosis of fibroblast-like synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients through the ROS/mTOR signaling pathway / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the regulatory effect of berberine on autophagy and apoptosis balance of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from patients with in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and explore the mechanism.@*METHODS@#The inhibitory effect of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 μmol/L berberine on RA-FLS proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 method. Annexin V/PI and JC-1 immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze the effect of berberine (30 μmol/L) on apoptosis of 25 ng/mL TNF-α- induced RA-FLSs, and Western blotting was performed to detect the changes in the expression levels of autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins. The cells were further treated with the autophagy inducer RAPA and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine to observe the changes in autophagic flow by laser confocal detection of mCherry-EGFP-LC3B. RA-FLSs were treated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mimic H2O2 or the ROS inhibitor NAC, and the effects of berberine on ROS, mTOR and p-mTOR levels were observed.@*RESULTS@#The results of CCK-8 assay showed that berberine significantly inhibited the proliferation of RA-FLSs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry and JC-1 staining showed that berberine (30 μmol/L) significantly increased apoptosis rate (P < 0.01) and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of RA-FLSs (P < 0.05). Berberine treatment obviously decreased the ratios of Bcl-2/Bax (P < 0.05) and LC3B-II/I (P < 0.01) and increased the expression of p62 protein in the cells (P < 0.05). Detection of mCherry-EGFP-LC3B autophagy flow revealed obvious autophagy flow block in berberine-treated RA-FLSs. Berberine significantly reduced the level of ROS in TNF-α-induced RA-FLSs and upregulated the expression level of autophagy-related protein p-mTOR (P < 0.01); this effect was regulated by ROS level, and the combined use of RAPA significantly reduced the pro-apoptotic effect of berberine in RA-FLSs (P < 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Berberine can inhibit autophagy and promote apoptosis of RA-FLSs by regulating the ROS-mTOR pathway.

The biological principle of "Biao Ben Jian Zhi" / 药学学报

Along with the progress of pharmaceutical science in the past century, the theme of pharmacology has gone through pseudo agent scheme, to ligand-receptor model, and then to the theory of targeted therapy today. Due to the success of drug R&D, current drug research keeps its focus mainly on drugs with single target and precise treatment, in which the molecular mechanism is relatively clear but the therapeutic efficacy is often limited. Thus, there is a big space for exploration in the field of pharmacology. In the past 30 years, several novel chemical drugs, originated from traditional Chinese medicine, have been identified and then used in clinic, provoking a strong interest to explore new theory for pharmacology, of which the term of "Biao Ben Jian Zhi" (treating diseases by directing symptoms and root causes) has demonstrated a promising nature. We consider this concept useful for future drug discovery, drug design and clinical therapy. In this review, example drugs such as berberine, metformin and azvudine, are discussed, and "drug Cloud" (dCloud) model is introduced to elaborate the mechanism of treating diseases by directing symptoms and root causes of diseases.

Regulatory Mechanism of Berberine in Inhibiting Apoptosis and Autophagy in Ovarian Granulosa Cells Based on SIRT1/FoxO1 Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect and regulatory mechanism of berberine （BBR） against the senescence of ovarian granulosa cells. MethodA cell senescence model in the human ovarian granulosa-like tumor （KGN） cell line was induced by H2O2. A control group， a model group， and high-dose （1 μmol·L-1） and low-dose （0.5 μmol·L-1） BBR groups were set up. The cells in the model group and the BBR groups were incubated with 10 μmol·L-1 H2O2 for 40 min. The effect of BBR on KGN cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay. The effect of BBR on the senescence of KGN cells was detected by β-galactosidase staining. The effects of BBR on the apoptosis and ROS content of KGN cells were detected by flow cytometry. The effects of BBR on the mRNA expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）/Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-3 （Caspase-3）， forkhead transcription factor O1 （FoxO1）， and catalase （CAT） was detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. Western blot was used to detect the effects of BBR on protein expression of silent information regulator1 （SIRT1）， superoxide dismutase 2 （SOD2）， c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）， FoxO1， autophagy-associated protein microtubule-associated protein light chain 3Ⅱ （LC3BⅡ）， mammalian ortholog of yeast Atg6 （Beclin-1）， and ubiquitin-binding protein p62. ResultAfter H2O2 induction for 40 min， the cell proliferation rate of the model group decreased compared with that of the control group （P<0.01）， and the cell proliferation rates of the BBR groups increased compared with that of the model group （P<0.05）. The results of β-galactosidase staining showed that the cells of the model group showed significant senescence compared with those of the control group （P<0.01）， and the cellular senescence in the BBR groups was reduced compared with that of the model group （P<0.01）. As revealed by flow cytometry， compared with the control group， the model group showed increased apoptosis rate （P<0.01）， and compared with the model group， BBR groups showed decreased apoptosis rates （P<0.05）. Meanwhile， the ROS content in the model group increased compared with that in the control group （P<0.01）， and compared with the model group， the BBR groups showed reduced cellular ROS content （P<0.01）. The Real-time PCR results showed that compared with the control group， the model group showed decreased mRNA expression of CAT and Bcl-2/Bax in KGN cells and increased mRNA expression of Caspase-3 and FoxO1 （P<0.05）， and compared with the model group， the BBR groups showed increased mRNA expression of CAT and Bcl-2/Bax （P<0.05） and reduced mRNA expression of Caspase-3 and FoxO1 in KGN cells （P<0.05）. As revealed by Western blot results， SIRT1， SOD2， and p62 protein levels decreased in the model group compared with those in the control group （P<0.01）， and JNK FoxO1， LC3BⅡ， and Beclin-1 protein levels increased （P<0.05）. After BBR intervention， SIRT1， SOD2， and p62 protein levels increased （P<0.01）， and JNK， FoxO1， LC3BⅡ， and Beclin-1 protein levels decreased compared with those in the model group （P<0.05）. ConclusionBBR has an inhibitory effect on ovarian granulosa cell senescence， and the mechanism is related to the inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy mediated by the SIRT1/FoxO1 pathway.

Berberine improves central memory formation of CD8+ T cells: Implications for design of natural product-based vaccines

Berberine (BBR) as one of the most effective natural products has been increasingly used to treat various chronic diseases due to its immunosuppressive/tolerogenic activities. However, it is unknown if BBR can be applied without abrogating the efforts of vaccination. Here we show that priming of CD8+ T cells in the presence of BBR lead to improved central memory formation (Tcm) with substantially reduced effector proliferation, primarily orchestrated through activation of AMPK and Stat5. Tcm derived from vaccinated mice fed with BBR were able to adoptively transfer protective immunity to naïve recipients. Vaccination of BBR-fed mice conferred better memory protection against infection without losing immediate effector efficacy, suggesting appreciable benefits from using BBR in vaccination. Thus, our study may help to lay the groundwork for mechanistic understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of natural products and their potential use as adjuvant that allows the design of novel vaccines with more desirable properties.

Discovery and identification of EIF2AK2 as a direct key target of berberine for anti-inflammatory effects

Using chemoproteomic techniques, we first identified EIF2AK2, eEF1A1, PRDX3 and VPS4B as direct targets of berberine (BBR) for its synergistically anti-inflammatory effects. Of them, BBR has the strongest affinity with EIF2AK2 via two ionic bonds, and regulates several key inflammatory pathways through EIF2AK2, indicating the dominant role of EIF2AK2. Also, BBR could subtly inhibit the dimerization of EIF2AK2, rather than its enzyme activity, to selectively modulate its downstream pathways including JNK, NF-κB, AKT and NLRP3, with an advantage of good safety profile. In EIF2AK2 gene knockdown mice, the inhibitory IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α secretion of BBR was obviously attenuated, confirming an EIF2AK2-dependent anti-inflammatory efficacy. The results highlight the BBR's network mechanism on anti-inflammatory effects in which EIF2AK2 is a key target, and inhibition of EIF2AK2 dimerization has a potential to be a therapeutic strategy against inflammation-related disorders.

Berberine ameliorates chronic kidney disease through inhibiting the production of gut-derived uremic toxins in the gut microbiota

At present, clinical interventions for chronic kidney disease are very limited, and most patients rely on dialysis to sustain their lives for a long time. However, studies on the gut-kidney axis have shown that the gut microbiota is a potentially effective target for correcting or controlling chronic kidney disease. This study showed that berberine, a natural drug with low oral availability, significantly ameliorated chronic kidney disease by altering the composition of the gut microbiota and inhibiting the production of gut-derived uremic toxins, including p-cresol. Furthermore, berberine reduced the content of p-cresol sulfate in plasma mainly by lowering the abundance of g_Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and inhibiting the tyrosine-p-cresol pathway of the intestinal flora. Meanwhile, berberine increased the butyric acid producing bacteria and the butyric acid content in feces, while decreased the renal toxic trimethylamine N-oxide. These findings suggest that berberine may be a therapeutic drug with significant potential to ameliorate chronic kidney disease through the gut-kidney axis.

A review of patent literature on the regulation of glucose metabolism by six phytocompounds in the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications / 中西医结合学报

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, typified by hyperglycemia resulting from failures in complex multifactorial metabolic functions, that requires life-long medication. Prolonged uncontrolled hyperglycemia leads to micro- and macro-vascular complications. Although antidiabetic drugs are prescribed as the first-line treatment, many of them lose efficacy over time or have severe side effects. There is a lack of in-depth study on the patents filed concerning the use of natural compounds to manage diabetes. Thus, this patent analysis provides a comprehensive report on the antidiabetic therapeutic activity of 6 phytocompounds when taken alone or in combinations. Four patent databases were searched, and 17,649 patents filed between 2001 and 2021 were retrieved. Of these, 139 patents for antidiabetic therapeutic aids that included berberine, curcumin, gingerol, gymnemic acid, gymnemagenin and mangiferin were analyzed. The results showed that these compounds alone or in combinations, targeting acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2, serine/threonine protein kinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipooxygenase, phosphorylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, PPARγ co-activator-1α, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C, could regulate glucose metabolism which are validated by pharmacological rationale. Synergism, or combination therapy, including different phytocompounds and plant extracts, has been studied extensively and found effective, whereas the efficacy of commercial drugs in combination with phytocompounds has not been studied in detail. Curcumin, gymnemic acid and mangiferin were found to be effective against diabetes-related complications. Please cite this article as: DasNandy A, Virge R, Hegde HV, Chattopadhyay D. A review of patent literature on the regulation of glucose metabolism by six phytocompounds in the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(3): 226-235.

Anti-obesity and Gut Microbiota Modulation Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides Combined with Berberine on High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate whether astragalus polysaccharides (APS) combined with berberine (BBR) can reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice.@*METHODS@#Except for normal mice, 32 HFD-induced obese mice were randomized into HFD, APS (1,000 mg/kg APS), BBR (200 mg/kg BBR), and APS plus BBR (1,000 mg/kg APS plus 200 mg/kg BBR) groups, respectively. After 6-week treatment (once daily by gavage), the obesity phenotype and pharmacodynamic effects were evaluated by histopathological examination of epididymal fat, liver, and colon using hematoxylin-eosin staining and serum biochemical analyses by an automated chemistry analyzer. The feces were collected at the 12 th week, and taxonomic and functional profiles of gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) sequencing.@*RESULTS@#Compared with HFD group, the average body weight of APS plus BBR group was decreased (P<0.01), accompanied with the reduced fat accumulation, enhanced colonic integrity, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Importantly, APS combined with BBR treatment was more effective than APS or BBR alone in improving HFD-induced insulin resistance (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 16S rRNA sequence-based analysis of fecal samples demonstrated that APS combined with BBR treatment exhibited a better impact on HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, exclusively via the enriched abundances of Bacteroides, which corresponded to the large increase of predicted bacterial genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.@*CONCLUSION@#APS combined with BBR may synergistically reduce obesity and modulate the gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice.

Therapeutic effect of ursodeoxycholic acid-berberine supramolecular nanoparticles on ulcerative colitis based on supramolecular system induced by weak bond / 中国中药杂志

Ulcerative colitis(UC) is a recurrent, intractable inflammatory bowel disease. Coptidis Rhizoma and Bovis Calculus, serving as heat-clearing and toxin-removing drugs, have long been used in the treatment of UC. Berberine(BBR) and ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA), the main active components of Coptidis Rhizoma and Bovis Calculus, respectively, were employed to obtain UDCA-BBR supramolecular nanoparticles by stimulated co-decocting process for enhancing the therapeutic effect on UC. As revealed by the characterization of supramolecular nanoparticles by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering(DLS), the supramolecular nanoparticles were tetrahedral nanoparticles with an average particle size of 180 nm. The molecular structure was described by ultraviolet spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and hydrogen-nuclear magnetic resonance(H-NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the formation of the supramolecular nano-particle was attributed to the mutual electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction between BBR and UDCA. Additionally, supramolecular nanoparticles were also characterized by sustained release and pH sensitivity. The acute UC model was induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) in mice. It was found that supramolecular nanoparticles could effectively improve body mass reduction and colon shortening in mice with UC(P<0.001) and decrease disease activity index(DAI)(P<0.01). There were statistically significant differences between the supramolecular nanoparticles group and the mechanical mixture group(P<0.001, P<0.05). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6), and the results showed that supramolecular nanoparticles could reduce serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels(P<0.001) and exhibited an obvious difference with the mechanical mixture group(P<0.01, P<0.05). Flow cytometry indicated that supramolecular nanoparticles could reduce the recruitment of neutrophils in the lamina propria of the colon(P<0.05), which was significantly different from the mechanical mixture group(P<0.05). These findings suggested that as compared with the mechanical mixture, the supramolecular nanoparticles could effectively improve the symptoms of acute UC in mice. The study provides a new research idea for the poor absorption of small molecules and the unsatisfactory therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine and lays a foundation for the research on the nano-drug delivery system of traditional Chinese medicine.